Difference between revisions of "Gurukul Curriculum through the ages"

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(Initial version of Curriculum thru ages added. Need to add references and may be even split this into multiple pages each for one era.)
 
(One intermediate revision by one other user not shown)
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Gandhian Dharampal had painstakingly collected information on the education system that was prevalent in the pre-British era. He used the educational surveys conducted by British Governors in various presidencies of India, to portray an approximate picture.
 
Gandhian Dharampal had painstakingly collected information on the education system that was prevalent in the pre-British era. He used the educational surveys conducted by British Governors in various presidencies of India, to portray an approximate picture.
 
He quoted British sources in his book "The Beautiful Tree" to showcase the following:
 
He quoted British sources in his book "The Beautiful Tree" to showcase the following:
−
* Caste-wise or Gender-wise aggregated data of teachers and students
+
 
−
* Homeschooling vs formal schooling
+
*Varna-wise or Gender-wise aggregated data of teachers and students
−
* Day schools vs Boarding schools
+
*Homeschooling vs formal schooling
−
* Regional variance in educational content
+
*Day schools vs Boarding schools
−
* Teaching and training in the scores of vocational studies, technologies, and crafts
+
*Regional variance in educational content
−
* Teaching and Training in Arts (Music, Dance -largely taken care by temples)
+
*Teaching and training in the scores of vocational studies, technologies, and crafts
−
* Functional details of schools
+
*Teaching and Training in Arts (Music, Dance -largely taken care by temples)
−
* Student teacher relationship
+
*Functional details of schools
 +
*Student teacher relationship
  
 
===1822-25 Madras Presidency data - Sir Thomas Munro===
 
===1822-25 Madras Presidency data - Sir Thomas Munro===
Line 34: Line 35:
 
====Subjects taught in general in Madras Presidency areas====
 
====Subjects taught in general in Madras Presidency areas====
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
−
|+ A. Limited list of subjects noted Area-wise (in schools or private aghraharams)
+
|+A. Limited list of subjects noted Area-wise (in schools or private aghraharams)
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Area !! Subjects
+
!Area!!Subjects
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Telugu areas     || Vedas, Sastras, Law, Astronomy, Ganita Shastram, Ethics
+
|Telugu areas||Vedas, Sastras, Law, Astronomy, Ganita Shastram, Ethics
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Malabar area     || Theology, Law, Astronomy, Metaphysics, Ethics, Medical Science
+
|Malabar area||Theology, Law, Astronomy, Metaphysics, Ethics, Medical Science
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Madras-area     || Astronomy, Astrology
+
|Madras-area||Astronomy, Astrology
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Madurai-area     || Vedas, Puranas
+
|Madurai-area||Vedas, Puranas
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Masulipatnam     || Vedas, Shastras, Law, Astronomy, Theology
+
|Masulipatnam||Vedas, Shastras, Law, Astronomy, Theology
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Guntoor     || Theology, Laws and Astronomy
+
|Guntoor||Theology, Laws and Astronomy
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Varanasi, Navadweepam     || Deeper Theological studies (Outside Madras Presidency)
+
|Varanasi, Navadweepam||Deeper Theological studies (Outside Madras Presidency)
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
====Books used in the schools of Bellary district====
 
====Books used in the schools of Bellary district====
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
−
|+ A.  Most commonly used
+
|+A.  Most commonly used
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Foreign term !! Native Name !! Author
+
!Foreign term!!Native Name!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Ramayanum     || Ramayana     || Valmiki
+
|Ramayanum||Ramayana||Valmiki
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Maha Bharata     || Mahabharata     || Vyasa
+
|Maha Bharata||Mahabharata||Vyasa
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Bhagvata     || Srimad Bhagavatam     || Vyasa
+
|Bhagvata||Srimad Bhagavatam||Vyasa
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
−
|+ B. Used by Children from Manufacturing Classes
+
|+B. Used by Children from Manufacturing Classes
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Foreign term !! Native Name !! Author
+
!Foreign term!!Native Name!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Nagalingayna-Kutha     ||   ?   || ?
+
|Nagalingayna-Kutha||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Vishvakurma-Poorana     || Vishwa-Kurma Purana     || ?
+
|Vishvakurma-Poorana||Vishwa-Kurma Purana||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Kumalesherra Kalikamahata     || ?   || ?
+
|Kumalesherra Kalikamahata||?||?
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
−
|+ C. Used by Lingayat Children
+
|+C. Used by Lingayat Children
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Foreign term !! Native Name !! Author
+
!Foreign term!!Native Name!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Buwapoorana     ||   ?   || ?
+
|Buwapoorana||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Raghavan-Kunkauya     ||   ?   || ?
+
|Raghavan-Kunkauya||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Geeruja Kullana     || ?   || ?
+
|Geeruja Kullana||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Unbhavamoorta     || ?   || ?
+
|Unbhavamoorta||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Chenna-Busavaswara-Poorana     || ?   || ?
+
|Chenna-Busavaswara-Poorana||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Gurilagooloo     || ?   || ?
+
|Gurilagooloo||?||?
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
−
|+ D. Lighter Literature Read
+
|+D. Lighter Literature Read
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Foreign term !! Native Name !! Author
+
!Foreign term!!Native Name!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Punchatantra     ||   ?   || ?
+
|Punchatantra||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Bhatalapunchavunsatee     || ?     || ?
+
|Bhatalapunchavunsatee||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Punklee-soopooktahuller     || ?   || ?
+
|Punklee-soopooktahuller||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Mahantarungenee     || ?   || ?
+
|Mahantarungenee||?||?
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
−
|+ E. Dictionaries and Grammars used
+
|+E. Dictionaries and Grammars used
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Foreign term !! Native Name !! Author
+
!Foreign term!!Native Name!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Nighantoo     ||   Nighantam   || ?
+
|Nighantoo||Nighantam||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Umara     || ?     || ?
+
|Umara||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Subdamumburee     || ?   || ?
+
|Subdamumburee||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Shubdeemunee-Durpana     || ?   || ?
+
|Shubdeemunee-Durpana||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Vyacurna     || Vyakharana   || ?
+
|Vyacurna||Vyakharana||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Andradeepeca   || Andhra Deepika   || ?
+
|Andradeepeca||Andhra Deepika||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Andranamasungraha     || Andhra Nama Sanghraha   || ?
+
|Andranamasungraha||Andhra Nama Sanghraha||?
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
====Books used in the schools of Rajamundhiry====
 
====Books used in the schools of Rajamundhiry====
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
−
|+ School books
+
|+School books
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Foreign term !! Native Name !! Author
+
!Foreign term!!Native Name!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Baula Ramauyanum     ||   Bala Ramayanam   || ?
+
|Baula Ramauyanum||Bala Ramayanam||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Rookmeny Culleyanum     ||   Rukmini Kalyanam   || ?
+
|Rookmeny Culleyanum||Rukmini Kalyanam||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Paurejantahpatraranum     ||   ?   || ?
+
|Paurejantahpatraranum||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Molly Ramauyanum     ||   ?   || ?
+
|Molly Ramauyanum||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Raumayanum     ||   Ramayanam   || Valmiki
+
|Raumayanum||Ramayanam||Valmiki
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Dansarady Satacum     ||   ?   || ?
+
|Dansarady Satacum||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Kreestna Satacum     ||   Krishna Shatakam   || ?
+
|Kreestna Satacum||Krishna Shatakam||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Soomaty Satacum     ||   Sumathi Shatakam   || ?
+
|Soomaty Satacum||Sumathi Shatakam||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Janakey Satacum     ||   Janaki Shatakam   || ?
+
|Janakey Satacum||Janaki Shatakam||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Prasunnaragara Satacum     ||   ?   || ?
+
|Prasunnaragara Satacum||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Ramataraka Satacum     ||   Rama Taraka Shatakam   || ?
+
|Ramataraka Satacum||Rama Taraka Shatakam||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Bahscara Satacum     ||   Bhaskara Shatakam   || ?
+
|Bahscara Satacum||Bhaskara Shatakam||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Beesanavecausa Satacum     ||   ?   || ?
+
|Beesanavecausa Satacum||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Beemalingaswara Satacum     ||   BhimaLingeshwara Shatakam   || ?
+
|Beemalingaswara Satacum||BhimaLingeshwara Shatakam||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Sooreyanaraina Satacum     ||   SuryaNarayana Shatakam   || ?
+
|Sooreyanaraina Satacum||SuryaNarayana Shatakam||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Narraina Satacum     ||   Narayana Shatakam   || ?
+
|Narraina Satacum||Narayana Shatakam||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Plaholanda Charatra     ||   Prahalada Charithra   || ?
+
|Plaholanda Charatra||Prahalada Charithra||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Vasoo Charatra     ||   Vasu Charithra   || ?
+
|Vasoo Charatra||Vasu Charithra||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Manoo Charetra     ||   Manu Charithra   || ?
+
|Manoo Charetra||Manu Charithra||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Sumunga Charetra     ||   ?   || ?
+
|Sumunga Charetra||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Nala Charetra     ||   Nala Charithra   || ?
+
|Nala Charetra||Nala Charithra||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Vamana Charetra     ||   Vamana Charithra   || ?
+
|Vamana Charetra||Vamana Charithra||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Ganintum     ||   Ganitham   || ?
+
|Ganintum||Ganitham||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Pauvooloory Ganintum     ||   Pavuluri Ganitham   || ?
+
|Pauvooloory Ganintum||Pavuluri Ganitham||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Bhauratam     ||   Bharatham   || ?
+
|Bhauratam||Bharatham||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Bhaugavatum     ||   Bhagavatham   || ?
+
|Bhaugavatum||Bhagavatham||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Vejia Valousum     ||   ?   || ?
+
|Vejia Valousum||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Kroostnaleelan Velausum     ||   ?   || ?
+
|Kroostnaleelan Velausum||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Rathamathava Velausum     ||   ?   || ?
+
|Rathamathava Velausum||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Suptama Skundum     ||   Sapta Ma Skhandam   || ?
+
|Suptama Skundum||Sapta Ma Skhandam||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Astma Skundum     ||   Ashta Ma Skhandam   || ?
+
|Astma Skundum||Ashta Ma Skhandam||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Rathamathava Sumvadum     ||   Ratha Madhava Samvaadam   || ?
+
|Rathamathava Sumvadum||Ratha Madhava Samvaadam||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Bhaunoomaly Paranayem     ||   Bhanumathi Parayanam   || ?
+
|Bhaunoomaly Paranayem||Bhanumathi Parayanam||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Veerabhadra Vejayem     ||   Veerabhadra Vijayam   || ?
+
|Veerabhadra Vejayem||Veerabhadra Vijayam||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Leelansoondary Paranayem     ||   LeelaSundari Parayanam   || ?
+
|Leelansoondary Paranayem||LeelaSundari Parayanam||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Amarum     ||   Amaram   || ?
+
|Amarum||Amaram||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Sooranthanaswarum     ||   ?   || ?
+
|Sooranthanaswarum||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Voodeyagapurvem     ||   ?   || ?
+
|Voodeyagapurvem||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Audepurvem     ||   ?   || ?
+
|Audepurvem||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Gajandra Motchum     ||   Gajendra Moksham   || ?
+
|Gajandra Motchum||Gajendra Moksham||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Andhranamasungraham     ||   Andhra Nama Sanghraham   || ?
+
|Andhranamasungraham||Andhra Nama Sanghraham||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Coochalopurksyanum     ||   ?   || ?
+
|Coochalopurksyanum||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Resekajana Manobharanum     ||   RasikaJana ManoBharanam   || ?
+
|Resekajana Manobharanum||RasikaJana ManoBharanam||?
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
====Books used in colleges of Rajamundhiry====
 
====Books used in colleges of Rajamundhiry====
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
−
|+ College books
+
|+College books
 
|-
 
|-
−
! <strong>Vedas</strong>
+
!<strong>Vedas</strong>
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Foreign term !! Native Name !! Author
+
!Foreign term!!Native Name!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Roogvadum     ||   Rig Veda   || ?
+
|Roogvadum||Rig Veda||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Yajoorvadum     ||   Yajur Veda   || ?
+
|Yajoorvadum||Yajur Veda||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Samavadum     ||   Sama Veda   || ?
+
|Samavadum||Sama Veda||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Sroudum     ||   Srotram   || ?
+
|Sroudum||Srotram||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Dravedavedum or Nunlauyanum     ||   Dravida Vedam/?   || ?
+
|Dravedavedum or Nunlauyanum||Dravida Vedam/?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
! <strong>Kavyas</strong>
+
!<strong>Kavyas</strong>
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Foreign term !! Native Name !! Author
+
!Foreign term!!Native Name!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Ragoovumsam     ||   Raghuvamsam   || ?
+
|Ragoovumsam||Raghuvamsam||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Coomarasumbhavem     ||   Kumara-Sambhavam   || ?
+
|Coomarasumbhavem||Kumara-Sambhavam||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Moghasundasem     ||   Moha-sandesham   || ?
+
|Moghasundasem||Moha-sandesham||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Bharavy     ||   ?   || ?
+
|Bharavy||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Maukhum     ||   Moham?   || ?
+
|Maukhum||Moham?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Nayeshadum     ||   Naishadam ?   || ?
+
|Nayeshadum||Naishadam ?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Andasastrum     ||   Anda Shastram ?   || ?
+
|Andasastrum||Anda Shastram ?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
! <strong>Shastras</strong>
+
!<strong>Shastras</strong>
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Foreign term !! Native Name !! Author
+
!Foreign term!!Native Name!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Sanskrit Part-1: Sidharuba/Sarasvada (Sanskrit Speaking)     ||   ?   || ?
+
|Sanskrit Part-1: Sidharuba/Sarasvada (Sanskrit Speaking)||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Sanskrit Part-2: Vyakharana (Sanskrit Syntax)     || ?   || ?
+
|Sanskrit Part-2: Vyakharana (Sanskrit Syntax)||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Sanskrit Part-3: AmaraSimha (Sanskrit Dictionary)     ||   ?   || ?
+
|Sanskrit Part-3: AmaraSimha (Sanskrit Dictionary)||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Siddhanda Cowmoody     || Siddhanta Khaumudi   || ?
+
|Siddhanda Cowmoody||Siddhanta Khaumudi||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Turkum     ||   Tarkam   || ?
+
|Turkum||Tarkam||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Jeyoteshem     ||   Jyotisha   || ?
+
|Jeyoteshem||Jyotisha||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Durmasastrum     ||   Dharmasastra   || ?
+
|Durmasastrum||Dharmasastra||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Cauveyems     ||   Kavya   || ?
+
|Cauveyems||Kavya||?
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 289: Line 290:
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
−
|+ Subjects and Arts taught
+
|+Subjects and Arts taught
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Foreign term !! Native Name !! Author
+
!Foreign term!!Native Name!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Poetry, Gavya     ||   Kavya   || ?
+
|Poetry, Gavya||Kavya||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Fencing, Payatta     || (Kalari) Payattu || ?
+
|Fencing, Payatta||(Kalari) Payattu||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Botany and medicine, Vaydyassastra, or Bheszagiashastra     ||  VaidyaShastra and ?   || ?
+
|Botany and medicine,  
 +
Vaydyassastra, or Bheszagiashastra
 +
|VaidyaShastra and ?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Navigation,  Naushastra   || Naushastra   || ?
+
|Navigation,  Naushastra||Naushastra||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Hastiludium,  Cundera     || ?   || ?
+
|Hastiludium,  Cundera||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Ball play, Pandacali || ? || ?
+
|Ball play, Pandacali||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Chess, Ciudarangam || Chaturangam || ?
+
|Chess, Ciudarangam||Chaturangam||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Tennis, Coladi || ? || ?
+
|Tennis, Coladi||?||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Logic, Tarkashastra || TarkaShastra || ?
+
|Logic, Tarkashastra||TarkaShastra||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Astrology, Giodisha || Jyotisha || ?
+
|Astrology, Giodisha||Jyotisha||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Law, Svadhyaya || Svadhyaya || ?
+
|Law, Svadhyaya||Svadhyaya||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Silence, Mauna || Mauna || ?
+
|Silence, Mauna||Mauna||?
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 324: Line 327:
 
The duration of elementary education was flexible overall and it was divided into 4 stages:
 
The duration of elementary education was flexible overall and it was divided into 4 stages:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
−
|+ Stages of elementary education
+
|+Stages of elementary education
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Stage !! Duration !! Details
+
!Stage!!Duration!!Details
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Stage 1 ||   10 days   || Akshara abhyasam (writing in ground with fingers or bamboo stick)
+
|Stage 1||10 days||Akshara abhyasam (writing in ground with fingers or bamboo stick)
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Stage 2 || 2.5 to 4 years || Writing (Palm leaves), Reading, Memorizing the Cowrie Table, the Numeration Table as far as 100, the Katha Table (a land measure Table), and the SerTable  etc
+
|Stage 2||2.5 to 4 years||Writing (Palm leaves), Reading, Memorizing the Cowrie Table, the Numeration Table as far as 100, the Katha Table (a land measure Table), and the SerTable  etc
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Stage 3 || 2 to 3 years || Writing (Plantain leaves), Addition, Subtraction, Arithmetic rules
+
|Stage 3||2 to 3 years||Writing (Plantain leaves), Addition, Subtraction, Arithmetic rules
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Stage 5 || Up to 2 years || Writing (Paper), Ramayana, Mansa Mangal etc, Writing of letters and petitions
+
|Stage 5||Up to 2 years||Writing (Paper), Ramayana, Mansa Mangal etc, Writing of letters and petitions
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 341: Line 344:
 
|+
 
|+
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Courses
+
!Courses
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Grammar
+
|Grammar
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Logic
+
|Logic
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Law
+
|Law
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Literature
+
|Literature
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Mythology
+
|Mythology
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Astrology
+
|Astrology
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Lexicology
+
|Lexicology
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Rhetoric
+
|Rhetoric
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Medicine
+
|Medicine
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Vedanta
+
|Vedanta
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Tantra
+
|Tantra
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Mimamsa
+
|Mimamsa
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Sankhya
+
|Sankhya
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 374: Line 377:
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
−
|+ List of Sanskrit book used
+
|+List of Sanskrit book used
 
|-
 
|-
−
! <strong>Basic</strong>
+
!<strong>Basic</strong>
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Book !! Author
+
!Book!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Balabodha ||   ?
+
|Balabodha||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Akshara Deepika ||   ?
+
|Akshara Deepika||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
! <strong>I. Grammar</strong>
+
!<strong>I. Grammar</strong>
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Book !! Author
+
!Book!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Saraswat || ?
+
|Saraswat||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Manorama || ?
+
|Manorama||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Chandrika || ?
+
|Chandrika||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Bhashya || ?
+
|Bhashya||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Laghu || ?
+
|Laghu||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Paniniya Vyakharana || ?
+
|Paniniya Vyakharana||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Kaumudi || ?
+
|Kaumudi||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Siddhanta Kaumudi || ?
+
|Siddhanta Kaumudi||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Shekar || ?
+
|Shekar||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Prakrita Prakasa || ?
+
|Prakrita Prakasa||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
! <strong>II. Lexicology</strong>
+
!<strong>II. Lexicology</strong>
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Book !! Author
+
!Book!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Amara Kosha || ?
+
|Amara Kosha||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Malini Kosha || ?
+
|Malini Kosha||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Halayudha || ?
+
|Halayudha||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
! III. Poetry, Drama and Religious History
+
!III. Poetry, Drama and Religious History
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Book !! Author
+
!Book!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| RaghuVamsa|| ?
+
|RaghuVamsa||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Mahabharata || ?
+
|Mahabharata||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| MeghDhoota || ?
+
|MeghDhoota||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Venisanhara || ?
+
|Venisanhara||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Magh || ?
+
|Magh||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Sakuntala || ?
+
|Sakuntala||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Kirat Arjun || ?
+
|Kirat Arjun||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Naishadha Charita || ?
+
|Naishadha Charita||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Ramayana || ?
+
|Ramayana||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Mrichhakatika || ?
+
|Mrichhakatika||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Srimad Bhagavad || ?
+
|Srimad Bhagavad||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Kumara Sambhava and other Puranas || ?
+
|Kumara Sambhava and other Puranas||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
! IV. Rhetoric
+
!IV. Rhetoric
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Book !! Author
+
!Book!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Kavya Deepika || ?
+
|Kavya Deepika||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Kavya Prakasha || ?
+
|Kavya Prakasha||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Sahitya Darpana || ?
+
|Sahitya Darpana||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Dasu Rupa || ?
+
|Dasu Rupa||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Kuvlayanand || ?
+
|Kuvlayanand||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
! V. Mathematics, Astronomy and Astrology
+
!V. Mathematics, Astronomy and Astrology
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Book !! Author
+
!Book!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Siddhanta Shiromani || ?
+
|Siddhanta Shiromani||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Nil Kanthi || ?
+
|Nil Kanthi||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Mahurta Chintamani || ?
+
|Mahurta Chintamani||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Brihat Jatak || ?
+
|Brihat Jatak||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Shighra Bodh || ?
+
|Shighra Bodh||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Parasariya || ?
+
|Parasariya||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Garbh Lagana || ?
+
|Garbh Lagana||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
! VI. Medical Science
+
!VI. Medical Science
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Book !! Author
+
!Book!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Sham Raj || ?
+
|Sham Raj||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Nighant || ?
+
|Nighant||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Susruta || ?
+
|Susruta||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Sharang Dhar || ?
+
|Sharang Dhar||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Charaka || ?
+
|Charaka||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Bhashya Parichehed || ?
+
|Bhashya Parichehed||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Madhava Nidan || ?
+
|Madhava Nidan||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Vagbhat || ?
+
|Vagbhat||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
! VII. Logic
+
!VII. Logic
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Book !! Author
+
!Book!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Nyaya Sutra Vritti || ?
+
|Nyaya Sutra Vritti||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Gada dhari || ?
+
|Gada dhari||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Vyutpattivad || ?
+
|Vyutpattivad||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Tarkalankar || ?
+
|Tarkalankar||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Tark Sangrah || ?
+
|Tark Sangrah||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Kari kavali || ?
+
|Kari kavali||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
! VIII. Vedanta
+
!VIII. Vedanta
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Book !! Author
+
!Book!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Atma Bodh Sarirak || ?
+
|Atma Bodh Sarirak||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Panch Dashi || ?
+
|Panch Dashi||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
! IX. Law
+
!IX. Law
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Book !! Author
+
!Book!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Manu Smriti || ?
+
|Manu Smriti||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Parasara Smriti || ?
+
|Parasara Smriti||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Yagya Valk Gautama || ?
+
|Yagya Valk Gautama||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Mitakshara || ?
+
|Mitakshara||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
! X. Philosophy
+
!X. Philosophy
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Book !! Author
+
!Book!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Sankhya Tatwa Kaumudi || ?
+
|Sankhya Tatwa Kaumudi||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Patanjali Sutra || ?
+
|Patanjali Sutra||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Britti Sutra with Bhashya || ?
+
|Britti Sutra with Bhashya||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Sankhya Pravachan Bhashya || ?
+
|Sankhya Pravachan Bhashya||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Vedanta, Vedantsar (see Yoga Sutra also above) || ?
+
|Vedanta, Vedantsar (see Yoga Sutra also above)||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Vaiseshika Siddhant || ?
+
|Vaiseshika Siddhant||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Mimansa Sutra with Bhashya || ?
+
|Mimansa Sutra with Bhashya||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Muktavali Sutra with a commentary || ?
+
|Muktavali Sutra with a commentary||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Artha Sangraha || ?
+
|Artha Sangraha||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
! XI. Prosody
+
!XI. Prosody
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Book !! Author
+
!Book!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Srut Bodh || ?
+
|Srut Bodh||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Vritta Ratnakar || ?
+
|Vritta Ratnakar||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
! XII. Prose Literature
+
!XII. Prose Literature
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Book !! Author
+
!Book!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Hitopadesa || ?
+
|Hitopadesa||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Vasavadatta || ?
+
|Vasavadatta||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Dasa Kumara Charita || ?
+
|Dasa Kumara Charita||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
! XIII. Religion
+
!XIII. Religion
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Book !! Author
+
!Book!!Author
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Rigveda Sanhita (rare) || ?
+
|Rigveda Sanhita (rare)||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Samaveda, Mantra Bhaga || ?
+
|Samaveda, Mantra Bhaga||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Yajurveda, Shukla Yajur || ?
+
|Yajurveda, Shukla Yajur||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Chhandasya Archika (very rare) || ?
+
|Chhandasya Archika (very rare)||?
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Vajasneyi Sanhita || ?
+
|Vajasneyi Sanhita||?
 
|}
 
|}
  

Latest revision as of 03:17, 21 August 2020

The education system in the Hindu society has primarily been driven by Temples, Gurukuls and Patashalas. When the Hindu society was administered by Dharmic rulers, the education system functioned based on Hindu Dharma's injuctions as prescribed by Shastras. However, when it was administered by colonial/invading rulers who were not affiliated to Hindu Dharma, the education system invariably disintegrated.

There is a lot of material that documents the motive of the colonial rulers. At worst, they eagerly destroyed the native Hindu education system and at best left it to rot. As the Hindu education system disintegrated rapidly due to foreign intervention, other systems had taken over to educate the common Hindu student. The Hindu education system had its syllabus designed to ground the student in Dharma. But the foreign-imposed and foreign-borrowed education systems were and are totally alien and inimical to the native ecosystems. The result has been a complete disaster and the native religions, culture, languages and knowledge systems have become uprooted.

The movement of the education system from being Hindu-Dharma-centric to being Anti-Hindu/Secular is documented here by showcasing the educational content that students were exposed through the ages. The Need for Kailaasa and HDH Swami Nithyananda Paramashivam's efforts to revive the Gurukul ecosystem are to be seen in this light.

Curriculum in Vedic era

<Add content here> <Add references from Vedas, Aranyakas, Brahmanas, Upanishads, Agamas, etc>

Curriculum in Puranic/Ithihasic era

<Add content here> <Add references from Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhagavatam, All Puranas, etc>

Curriculum in the era of Mahajanapadas

<Add content here> <Add references from Maurya, Gupta, Vardhana, Solanki, Kushana, Chera, Chola, Pandya, Pallava, Pala, Pratihara, Rajputana, Paramara, Ahom, Vijayanagaram, Maratha, Sikh, etc dynasties>

Curriculum in the era of colonial rule (Islamic and British)

Gandhian Dharampal had painstakingly collected information on the education system that was prevalent in the pre-British era. He used the educational surveys conducted by British Governors in various presidencies of India, to portray an approximate picture. He quoted British sources in his book "The Beautiful Tree" to showcase the following:

  • Varna-wise or Gender-wise aggregated data of teachers and students
  • Homeschooling vs formal schooling
  • Day schools vs Boarding schools
  • Regional variance in educational content
  • Teaching and training in the scores of vocational studies, technologies, and crafts
  • Teaching and Training in Arts (Music, Dance -largely taken care by temples)
  • Functional details of schools
  • Student teacher relationship

1822-25 Madras Presidency data - Sir Thomas Munro

Subjects taught in general in Madras Presidency areas

A. Limited list of subjects noted Area-wise (in schools or private aghraharams)
Area Subjects
Telugu areas Vedas, Sastras, Law, Astronomy, Ganita Shastram, Ethics
Malabar area Theology, Law, Astronomy, Metaphysics, Ethics, Medical Science
Madras-area Astronomy, Astrology
Madurai-area Vedas, Puranas
Masulipatnam Vedas, Shastras, Law, Astronomy, Theology
Guntoor Theology, Laws and Astronomy
Varanasi, Navadweepam Deeper Theological studies (Outside Madras Presidency)

Books used in the schools of Bellary district

A. Most commonly used
Foreign term Native Name Author
Ramayanum Ramayana Valmiki
Maha Bharata Mahabharata Vyasa
Bhagvata Srimad Bhagavatam Vyasa
B. Used by Children from Manufacturing Classes
Foreign term Native Name Author
Nagalingayna-Kutha ? ?
Vishvakurma-Poorana Vishwa-Kurma Purana ?
Kumalesherra Kalikamahata ? ?
C. Used by Lingayat Children
Foreign term Native Name Author
Buwapoorana ? ?
Raghavan-Kunkauya ? ?
Geeruja Kullana ? ?
Unbhavamoorta ? ?
Chenna-Busavaswara-Poorana ? ?
Gurilagooloo ? ?
D. Lighter Literature Read
Foreign term Native Name Author
Punchatantra ? ?
Bhatalapunchavunsatee ? ?
Punklee-soopooktahuller ? ?
Mahantarungenee ? ?
E. Dictionaries and Grammars used
Foreign term Native Name Author
Nighantoo Nighantam ?
Umara ? ?
Subdamumburee ? ?
Shubdeemunee-Durpana ? ?
Vyacurna Vyakharana ?
Andradeepeca Andhra Deepika ?
Andranamasungraha Andhra Nama Sanghraha ?

Books used in the schools of Rajamundhiry

School books
Foreign term Native Name Author
Baula Ramauyanum Bala Ramayanam ?
Rookmeny Culleyanum Rukmini Kalyanam ?
Paurejantahpatraranum ? ?
Molly Ramauyanum ? ?
Raumayanum Ramayanam Valmiki
Dansarady Satacum ? ?
Kreestna Satacum Krishna Shatakam ?
Soomaty Satacum Sumathi Shatakam ?
Janakey Satacum Janaki Shatakam ?
Prasunnaragara Satacum ? ?
Ramataraka Satacum Rama Taraka Shatakam ?
Bahscara Satacum Bhaskara Shatakam ?
Beesanavecausa Satacum ? ?
Beemalingaswara Satacum BhimaLingeshwara Shatakam ?
Sooreyanaraina Satacum SuryaNarayana Shatakam ?
Narraina Satacum Narayana Shatakam ?
Plaholanda Charatra Prahalada Charithra ?
Vasoo Charatra Vasu Charithra ?
Manoo Charetra Manu Charithra ?
Sumunga Charetra ? ?
Nala Charetra Nala Charithra ?
Vamana Charetra Vamana Charithra ?
Ganintum Ganitham ?
Pauvooloory Ganintum Pavuluri Ganitham ?
Bhauratam Bharatham ?
Bhaugavatum Bhagavatham ?
Vejia Valousum ? ?
Kroostnaleelan Velausum ? ?
Rathamathava Velausum ? ?
Suptama Skundum Sapta Ma Skhandam ?
Astma Skundum Ashta Ma Skhandam ?
Rathamathava Sumvadum Ratha Madhava Samvaadam ?
Bhaunoomaly Paranayem Bhanumathi Parayanam ?
Veerabhadra Vejayem Veerabhadra Vijayam ?
Leelansoondary Paranayem LeelaSundari Parayanam ?
Amarum Amaram ?
Sooranthanaswarum ? ?
Voodeyagapurvem ? ?
Audepurvem ? ?
Gajandra Motchum Gajendra Moksham ?
Andhranamasungraham Andhra Nama Sanghraham ?
Coochalopurksyanum ? ?
Resekajana Manobharanum RasikaJana ManoBharanam ?

Books used in colleges of Rajamundhiry

College books
Vedas
Foreign term Native Name Author
Roogvadum Rig Veda ?
Yajoorvadum Yajur Veda ?
Samavadum Sama Veda ?
Sroudum Srotram ?
Dravedavedum or Nunlauyanum Dravida Vedam/? ?
Kavyas
Foreign term Native Name Author
Ragoovumsam Raghuvamsam ?
Coomarasumbhavem Kumara-Sambhavam ?
Moghasundasem Moha-sandesham ?
Bharavy ? ?
Maukhum Moham? ?
Nayeshadum Naishadam ? ?
Andasastrum Anda Shastram ? ?
Shastras
Foreign term Native Name Author
Sanskrit Part-1: Sidharuba/Sarasvada (Sanskrit Speaking) ? ?
Sanskrit Part-2: Vyakharana (Sanskrit Syntax) ? ?
Sanskrit Part-3: AmaraSimha (Sanskrit Dictionary) ? ?
Siddhanda Cowmoody Siddhanta Khaumudi ?
Turkum Tarkam ?
Jeyoteshem Jyotisha ?
Durmasastrum Dharmasastra ?
Cauveyems Kavya ?

1776-89 - Malabar data - Paulinus of St. Bartholomew

Paulinus was an Austrian Carmelite missionary who visited India in late 18th century and published the first translation of Sanskrit Grammar in Europe. In his account, he noted that, atmost respect for teacher, worship of Shiva in Linga form, worship of Ganesha, Saraswathi were common in places of learning.

He also noted the religiosity of Hindus thus:

"...for among 2000 Indians you will scarcely find one who is not convinced of the necessity of supplicating the gods. Education, and the nature of the climate, are the strongest incitements to the natives to worship the deity, and to submit themselves to his will".

He recorded that Brahmacharis at Thrissur temple observed strictest silence (Mauna) for a prescribed number of years (5 years). He also declared that Pythagoras borrowed this idea and subjected his students to identical years of silence.

Subjects and Arts taught
Foreign term Native Name Author
Poetry, Gavya Kavya ?
Fencing, Payatta (Kalari) Payattu ?
Botany and medicine,

Vaydyassastra, or Bheszagiashastra

VaidyaShastra and ? ?
Navigation, Naushastra Naushastra ?
Hastiludium, Cundera ? ?
Ball play, Pandacali ? ?
Chess, Ciudarangam Chaturangam ?
Tennis, Coladi ? ?
Logic, Tarkashastra TarkaShastra ?
Astrology, Giodisha Jyotisha ?
Law, Svadhyaya Svadhyaya ?
Silence, Mauna Mauna ?

1835-38 - Bengal Presidency data - William Adam

Bengal presents an interesting facet of Hindu education that schools did not have numerical grades like 1st Grade, 2nd Grade etc. Another interesting point to note is that since Bengal was under British rule for a much longer time than rest of India, it had already introduced courses to write letters/petitions etc in late elementary classes, which are not found in the records of British from other areas.

The duration of elementary education was flexible overall and it was divided into 4 stages:

Stages of elementary education
Stage Duration Details
Stage 1 10 days Akshara abhyasam (writing in ground with fingers or bamboo stick)
Stage 2 2.5 to 4 years Writing (Palm leaves), Reading, Memorizing the Cowrie Table, the Numeration Table as far as 100, the Katha Table (a land measure Table), and the SerTable etc
Stage 3 2 to 3 years Writing (Plantain leaves), Addition, Subtraction, Arithmetic rules
Stage 5 Up to 2 years Writing (Paper), Ramayana, Mansa Mangal etc, Writing of letters and petitions

Courses offered in Institutions of Sanskritic learning

Courses
Grammar
Logic
Law
Literature
Mythology
Astrology
Lexicology
Rhetoric
Medicine
Vedanta
Tantra
Mimamsa
Sankhya

1882 - Punjab Presidency data - G.W.Leitner

Punjab was the last of the native janapadas to accede to the British Raj. It is probable that due to this prolonged independence, Hindu educational content was well-documented in Punjab.

List of Sanskrit book used
Basic
Book Author
Balabodha ?
Akshara Deepika ?
I. Grammar
Book Author
Saraswat ?
Manorama ?
Chandrika ?
Bhashya ?
Laghu ?
Paniniya Vyakharana ?
Kaumudi ?
Siddhanta Kaumudi ?
Shekar ?
Prakrita Prakasa ?
II. Lexicology
Book Author
Amara Kosha ?
Malini Kosha ?
Halayudha ?
III. Poetry, Drama and Religious History
Book Author
RaghuVamsa ?
Mahabharata ?
MeghDhoota ?
Venisanhara ?
Magh ?
Sakuntala ?
Kirat Arjun ?
Naishadha Charita ?
Ramayana ?
Mrichhakatika ?
Srimad Bhagavad ?
Kumara Sambhava and other Puranas ?
IV. Rhetoric
Book Author
Kavya Deepika ?
Kavya Prakasha ?
Sahitya Darpana ?
Dasu Rupa ?
Kuvlayanand ?
V. Mathematics, Astronomy and Astrology
Book Author
Siddhanta Shiromani ?
Nil Kanthi ?
Mahurta Chintamani ?
Brihat Jatak ?
Shighra Bodh ?
Parasariya ?
Garbh Lagana ?
VI. Medical Science
Book Author
Sham Raj ?
Nighant ?
Susruta ?
Sharang Dhar ?
Charaka ?
Bhashya Parichehed ?
Madhava Nidan ?
Vagbhat ?
VII. Logic
Book Author
Nyaya Sutra Vritti ?
Gada dhari ?
Vyutpattivad ?
Tarkalankar ?
Tark Sangrah ?
Kari kavali ?
VIII. Vedanta
Book Author
Atma Bodh Sarirak ?
Panch Dashi ?
IX. Law
Book Author
Manu Smriti ?
Parasara Smriti ?
Yagya Valk Gautama ?
Mitakshara ?
X. Philosophy
Book Author
Sankhya Tatwa Kaumudi ?
Patanjali Sutra ?
Britti Sutra with Bhashya ?
Sankhya Pravachan Bhashya ?
Vedanta, Vedantsar (see Yoga Sutra also above) ?
Vaiseshika Siddhant ?
Mimansa Sutra with Bhashya ?
Muktavali Sutra with a commentary ?
Artha Sangraha ?
XI. Prosody
Book Author
Srut Bodh ?
Vritta Ratnakar ?
XII. Prose Literature
Book Author
Hitopadesa ?
Vasavadatta ?
Dasa Kumara Charita ?
XIII. Religion
Book Author
Rigveda Sanhita (rare) ?
Samaveda, Mantra Bhaga ?
Yajurveda, Shukla Yajur ?
Chhandasya Archika (very rare) ?
Vajasneyi Sanhita ?

Curriculum in the post-Independence era

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Curriculum in the Modern era

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Curriculum in the Nithyananda Gurukul

<Add content here>

References

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External Links

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