Difference between revisions of "Gurukul Curriculum through the ages"
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Gandhian Dharampal had painstakingly collected information on the education system that was prevalent in the pre-British era. He used the educational surveys conducted by British Governors in various presidencies of India, to portray an approximate picture. | Gandhian Dharampal had painstakingly collected information on the education system that was prevalent in the pre-British era. He used the educational surveys conducted by British Governors in various presidencies of India, to portray an approximate picture. | ||
He quoted British sources in his book "The Beautiful Tree" to showcase the following: | He quoted British sources in his book "The Beautiful Tree" to showcase the following: | ||
− | * | + | |
− | * Homeschooling vs formal schooling | + | *Varna-wise or Gender-wise aggregated data of teachers and students |
− | * Day schools vs Boarding schools | + | *Homeschooling vs formal schooling |
− | * Regional variance in educational content | + | *Day schools vs Boarding schools |
− | * Teaching and training in the scores of vocational studies, technologies, and crafts | + | *Regional variance in educational content |
− | * Teaching and Training in Arts (Music, Dance -largely taken care by temples) | + | *Teaching and training in the scores of vocational studies, technologies, and crafts |
− | * Functional details of schools | + | *Teaching and Training in Arts (Music, Dance -largely taken care by temples) |
− | * Student teacher relationship | + | *Functional details of schools |
+ | *Student teacher relationship | ||
===1822-25 Madras Presidency data - Sir Thomas Munro=== | ===1822-25 Madras Presidency data - Sir Thomas Munro=== | ||
Line 34: | Line 35: | ||
====Subjects taught in general in Madras Presidency areas==== | ====Subjects taught in general in Madras Presidency areas==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
− | |+ A. Limited list of subjects noted Area-wise (in schools or private aghraharams) | + | |+A. Limited list of subjects noted Area-wise (in schools or private aghraharams) |
|- | |- | ||
− | ! Area !! Subjects | + | !Area!!Subjects |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Telugu areas | + | |Telugu areas||Vedas, Sastras, Law, Astronomy, Ganita Shastram, Ethics |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Malabar area | + | |Malabar area||Theology, Law, Astronomy, Metaphysics, Ethics, Medical Science |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Madras-area | + | |Madras-area||Astronomy, Astrology |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Madurai-area | + | |Madurai-area||Vedas, Puranas |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Masulipatnam | + | |Masulipatnam||Vedas, Shastras, Law, Astronomy, Theology |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Guntoor | + | |Guntoor||Theology, Laws and Astronomy |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Varanasi, Navadweepam | + | |Varanasi, Navadweepam||Deeper Theological studies (Outside Madras Presidency) |
|} | |} | ||
====Books used in the schools of Bellary district==== | ====Books used in the schools of Bellary district==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
− | |+ A. Most commonly used | + | |+A. Most commonly used |
|- | |- | ||
− | ! Foreign term !! Native Name !! Author | + | !Foreign term!!Native Name!!Author |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Ramayanum | + | |Ramayanum||Ramayana||Valmiki |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Maha Bharata | + | |Maha Bharata||Mahabharata||Vyasa |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Bhagvata | + | |Bhagvata||Srimad Bhagavatam||Vyasa |
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
− | |+ B. Used by Children from Manufacturing Classes | + | |+B. Used by Children from Manufacturing Classes |
|- | |- | ||
− | ! Foreign term !! Native Name !! Author | + | !Foreign term!!Native Name!!Author |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Nagalingayna-Kutha | + | |Nagalingayna-Kutha||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Vishvakurma-Poorana | + | |Vishvakurma-Poorana||Vishwa-Kurma Purana||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Kumalesherra Kalikamahata | + | |Kumalesherra Kalikamahata||?||? |
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
− | |+ C. Used by Lingayat Children | + | |+C. Used by Lingayat Children |
|- | |- | ||
− | ! Foreign term !! Native Name !! Author | + | !Foreign term!!Native Name!!Author |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Buwapoorana | + | |Buwapoorana||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Raghavan-Kunkauya | + | |Raghavan-Kunkauya||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Geeruja Kullana | + | |Geeruja Kullana||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Unbhavamoorta | + | |Unbhavamoorta||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Chenna-Busavaswara-Poorana | + | |Chenna-Busavaswara-Poorana||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Gurilagooloo | + | |Gurilagooloo||?||? |
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
− | |+ D. Lighter Literature Read | + | |+D. Lighter Literature Read |
|- | |- | ||
− | ! Foreign term !! Native Name !! Author | + | !Foreign term!!Native Name!!Author |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Punchatantra | + | |Punchatantra||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Bhatalapunchavunsatee | + | |Bhatalapunchavunsatee||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Punklee-soopooktahuller | + | |Punklee-soopooktahuller||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Mahantarungenee | + | |Mahantarungenee||?||? |
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
− | |+ E. Dictionaries and Grammars used | + | |+E. Dictionaries and Grammars used |
|- | |- | ||
− | ! Foreign term !! Native Name !! Author | + | !Foreign term!!Native Name!!Author |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Nighantoo | + | |Nighantoo||Nighantam||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Umara | + | |Umara||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Subdamumburee | + | |Subdamumburee||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Shubdeemunee-Durpana | + | |Shubdeemunee-Durpana||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Vyacurna | + | |Vyacurna||Vyakharana||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Andradeepeca | + | |Andradeepeca||Andhra Deepika||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Andranamasungraha | + | |Andranamasungraha||Andhra Nama Sanghraha||? |
|} | |} | ||
====Books used in the schools of Rajamundhiry==== | ====Books used in the schools of Rajamundhiry==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
− | |+ School books | + | |+School books |
|- | |- | ||
− | ! Foreign term !! Native Name !! Author | + | !Foreign term!!Native Name!!Author |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Baula Ramauyanum | + | |Baula Ramauyanum||Bala Ramayanam||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Rookmeny Culleyanum | + | |Rookmeny Culleyanum||Rukmini Kalyanam||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Paurejantahpatraranum | + | |Paurejantahpatraranum||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Molly Ramauyanum | + | |Molly Ramauyanum||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Raumayanum | + | |Raumayanum||Ramayanam||Valmiki |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Dansarady Satacum | + | |Dansarady Satacum||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Kreestna Satacum | + | |Kreestna Satacum||Krishna Shatakam||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Soomaty Satacum | + | |Soomaty Satacum||Sumathi Shatakam||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Janakey Satacum | + | |Janakey Satacum||Janaki Shatakam||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Prasunnaragara Satacum | + | |Prasunnaragara Satacum||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Ramataraka Satacum | + | |Ramataraka Satacum||Rama Taraka Shatakam||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Bahscara Satacum | + | |Bahscara Satacum||Bhaskara Shatakam||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Beesanavecausa Satacum | + | |Beesanavecausa Satacum||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Beemalingaswara Satacum | + | |Beemalingaswara Satacum||BhimaLingeshwara Shatakam||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Sooreyanaraina Satacum | + | |Sooreyanaraina Satacum||SuryaNarayana Shatakam||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Narraina Satacum | + | |Narraina Satacum||Narayana Shatakam||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Plaholanda Charatra | + | |Plaholanda Charatra||Prahalada Charithra||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Vasoo Charatra | + | |Vasoo Charatra||Vasu Charithra||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Manoo Charetra | + | |Manoo Charetra||Manu Charithra||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Sumunga Charetra | + | |Sumunga Charetra||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Nala Charetra | + | |Nala Charetra||Nala Charithra||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Vamana Charetra | + | |Vamana Charetra||Vamana Charithra||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Ganintum | + | |Ganintum||Ganitham||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Pauvooloory Ganintum | + | |Pauvooloory Ganintum||Pavuluri Ganitham||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Bhauratam | + | |Bhauratam||Bharatham||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Bhaugavatum | + | |Bhaugavatum||Bhagavatham||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Vejia Valousum | + | |Vejia Valousum||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Kroostnaleelan Velausum | + | |Kroostnaleelan Velausum||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Rathamathava Velausum | + | |Rathamathava Velausum||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Suptama Skundum | + | |Suptama Skundum||Sapta Ma Skhandam||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Astma Skundum | + | |Astma Skundum||Ashta Ma Skhandam||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Rathamathava Sumvadum | + | |Rathamathava Sumvadum||Ratha Madhava Samvaadam||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Bhaunoomaly Paranayem | + | |Bhaunoomaly Paranayem||Bhanumathi Parayanam||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Veerabhadra Vejayem | + | |Veerabhadra Vejayem||Veerabhadra Vijayam||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Leelansoondary Paranayem | + | |Leelansoondary Paranayem||LeelaSundari Parayanam||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Amarum | + | |Amarum||Amaram||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Sooranthanaswarum | + | |Sooranthanaswarum||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Voodeyagapurvem | + | |Voodeyagapurvem||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Audepurvem | + | |Audepurvem||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Gajandra Motchum | + | |Gajandra Motchum||Gajendra Moksham||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Andhranamasungraham | + | |Andhranamasungraham||Andhra Nama Sanghraham||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Coochalopurksyanum | + | |Coochalopurksyanum||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Resekajana Manobharanum | + | |Resekajana Manobharanum||RasikaJana ManoBharanam||? |
|} | |} | ||
====Books used in colleges of Rajamundhiry==== | ====Books used in colleges of Rajamundhiry==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
− | |+ College books | + | |+College books |
|- | |- | ||
− | ! <strong>Vedas</strong> | + | !<strong>Vedas</strong> |
|- | |- | ||
− | ! Foreign term !! Native Name !! Author | + | !Foreign term!!Native Name!!Author |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Roogvadum | + | |Roogvadum||Rig Veda||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Yajoorvadum | + | |Yajoorvadum||Yajur Veda||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Samavadum | + | |Samavadum||Sama Veda||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Sroudum | + | |Sroudum||Srotram||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Dravedavedum or Nunlauyanum | + | |Dravedavedum or Nunlauyanum||Dravida Vedam/?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | ! <strong>Kavyas</strong> | + | !<strong>Kavyas</strong> |
|- | |- | ||
− | ! Foreign term !! Native Name !! Author | + | !Foreign term!!Native Name!!Author |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Ragoovumsam | + | |Ragoovumsam||Raghuvamsam||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Coomarasumbhavem | + | |Coomarasumbhavem||Kumara-Sambhavam||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Moghasundasem | + | |Moghasundasem||Moha-sandesham||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Bharavy | + | |Bharavy||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Maukhum | + | |Maukhum||Moham?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Nayeshadum | + | |Nayeshadum||Naishadam ?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Andasastrum | + | |Andasastrum||Anda Shastram ?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | ! <strong>Shastras</strong> | + | !<strong>Shastras</strong> |
|- | |- | ||
− | ! Foreign term !! Native Name !! Author | + | !Foreign term!!Native Name!!Author |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Sanskrit Part-1: Sidharuba/Sarasvada (Sanskrit Speaking) | + | |Sanskrit Part-1: Sidharuba/Sarasvada (Sanskrit Speaking)||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Sanskrit Part-2: Vyakharana (Sanskrit Syntax) | + | |Sanskrit Part-2: Vyakharana (Sanskrit Syntax)||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Sanskrit Part-3: AmaraSimha (Sanskrit Dictionary) | + | |Sanskrit Part-3: AmaraSimha (Sanskrit Dictionary)||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Siddhanda Cowmoody | + | |Siddhanda Cowmoody||Siddhanta Khaumudi||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Turkum | + | |Turkum||Tarkam||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Jeyoteshem | + | |Jeyoteshem||Jyotisha||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Durmasastrum | + | |Durmasastrum||Dharmasastra||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Cauveyems | + | |Cauveyems||Kavya||? |
|} | |} | ||
Line 289: | Line 290: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
− | |+ Subjects and Arts taught | + | |+Subjects and Arts taught |
|- | |- | ||
− | ! Foreign term !! Native Name !! Author | + | !Foreign term!!Native Name!!Author |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Poetry, Gavya | + | |Poetry, Gavya||Kavya||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Fencing, Payatta | + | |Fencing, Payatta||(Kalari) Payattu||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Botany and medicine, Vaydyassastra, or Bheszagiashastra | + | |Botany and medicine, |
+ | Vaydyassastra, or Bheszagiashastra | ||
+ | |VaidyaShastra and ?||? | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | Navigation, Naushastra | + | |Navigation, Naushastra||Naushastra||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Hastiludium, Cundera | + | |Hastiludium, Cundera||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Ball play, Pandacali | + | |Ball play, Pandacali||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Chess, Ciudarangam | + | |Chess, Ciudarangam||Chaturangam||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Tennis, Coladi | + | |Tennis, Coladi||?||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Logic, Tarkashastra || | + | |Logic, Tarkashastra||TarkaShastra||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Astrology, Giodisha | + | |Astrology, Giodisha||Jyotisha||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Law, Svadhyaya | + | |Law, Svadhyaya||Svadhyaya||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Silence, Mauna | + | |Silence, Mauna||Mauna||? |
|} | |} | ||
Line 324: | Line 327: | ||
The duration of elementary education was flexible overall and it was divided into 4 stages: | The duration of elementary education was flexible overall and it was divided into 4 stages: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
− | |+ Stages of elementary education | + | |+Stages of elementary education |
|- | |- | ||
− | ! Stage !! Duration !! Details | + | !Stage!!Duration!!Details |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Stage 1 || | + | |Stage 1||10 days||Akshara abhyasam (writing in ground with fingers or bamboo stick) |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Stage 2 | + | |Stage 2||2.5 to 4 years||Writing (Palm leaves), Reading, Memorizing the Cowrie Table, the Numeration Table as far as 100, the Katha Table (a land measure Table), and the SerTable etc |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Stage 3 | + | |Stage 3||2 to 3 years||Writing (Plantain leaves), Addition, Subtraction, Arithmetic rules |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Stage 5 | + | |Stage 5||Up to 2 years||Writing (Paper), Ramayana, Mansa Mangal etc, Writing of letters and petitions |
|} | |} | ||
Line 341: | Line 344: | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | ! Courses | + | !Courses |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Grammar | + | |Grammar |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Logic | + | |Logic |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Law | + | |Law |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Literature | + | |Literature |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Mythology | + | |Mythology |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Astrology | + | |Astrology |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Lexicology | + | |Lexicology |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Rhetoric | + | |Rhetoric |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Medicine | + | |Medicine |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Vedanta | + | |Vedanta |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Tantra | + | |Tantra |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Mimamsa | + | |Mimamsa |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Sankhya | + | |Sankhya |
|} | |} | ||
Line 374: | Line 377: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
− | |+ List of Sanskrit book used | + | |+List of Sanskrit book used |
+ | |- | ||
+ | !<strong>Basic</strong> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | !Book!!Author | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Balabodha||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Akshara Deepika||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | !<strong>I. Grammar</strong> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | !Book!!Author | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Saraswat||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Manorama||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Chandrika||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Bhashya||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Laghu||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Paniniya Vyakharana||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Kaumudi||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Siddhanta Kaumudi||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Shekar||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Prakrita Prakasa||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | !<strong>II. Lexicology</strong> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | !Book!!Author | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Amara Kosha||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Malini Kosha||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Halayudha||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | !III. Poetry, Drama and Religious History | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | !Book!!Author | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |RaghuVamsa||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Mahabharata||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |MeghDhoota||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Venisanhara||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Magh||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Sakuntala||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Kirat Arjun||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Naishadha Charita||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Ramayana||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Mrichhakatika||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Srimad Bhagavad||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Kumara Sambhava and other Puranas||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | !IV. Rhetoric | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | !Book!!Author | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Kavya Deepika||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Kavya Prakasha||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Sahitya Darpana||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Dasu Rupa||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Kuvlayanand||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | !V. Mathematics, Astronomy and Astrology | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | !Book!!Author | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Siddhanta Shiromani||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Nil Kanthi||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Mahurta Chintamani||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Brihat Jatak||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Shighra Bodh||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Parasariya||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Garbh Lagana||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | !VI. Medical Science | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | !Book!!Author | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Sham Raj||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Nighant||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Susruta||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Sharang Dhar||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Charaka||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Bhashya Parichehed||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Madhava Nidan||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Vagbhat||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | !VII. Logic | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | ! | + | !Book!!Author |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | |Nyaya Sutra Vritti||? | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Gada dhari||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Vyutpattivad||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | |Tarkalankar||? | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | |Tark Sangrah||? | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Kari kavali||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | !VIII. Vedanta | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | !Book!!Author | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Atma Bodh Sarirak||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Panch Dashi||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | !IX. Law | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | !Book!!Author | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Manu Smriti||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Parasara Smriti||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Yagya Valk Gautama||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | |Mitakshara||? | |
|- | |- | ||
− | ! | + | !X. Philosophy |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | !Book!!Author | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Sankhya Tatwa Kaumudi||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Patanjali Sutra||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | |Britti Sutra with Bhashya||? | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | |Sankhya Pravachan Bhashya||? | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Vedanta, Vedantsar (see Yoga Sutra also above)||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Vaiseshika Siddhant||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Mimansa Sutra with Bhashya||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Muktavali Sutra with a commentary||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Artha Sangraha||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | !XI. Prosody | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | !Book!!Author | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Srut Bodh||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Vritta Ratnakar||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | !XII. Prose Literature | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | !Book!!Author | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Hitopadesa||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | |Vasavadatta||? | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | |Dasa Kumara Charita||? | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | !XIII. Religion | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | !Book!!Author | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Rigveda Sanhita (rare)||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Samaveda, Mantra Bhaga||? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |Yajurveda, Shukla Yajur||? |
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Chhandasya Archika (very rare)||? | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Vajasneyi Sanhita||? | ||
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==Curriculum in the post-Independence era== | ==Curriculum in the post-Independence era== |
Latest revision as of 03:17, 21 August 2020
The education system in the Hindu society has primarily been driven by Temples, Gurukuls and Patashalas. When the Hindu society was administered by Dharmic rulers, the education system functioned based on Hindu Dharma's injuctions as prescribed by Shastras. However, when it was administered by colonial/invading rulers who were not affiliated to Hindu Dharma, the education system invariably disintegrated.
There is a lot of material that documents the motive of the colonial rulers. At worst, they eagerly destroyed the native Hindu education system and at best left it to rot. As the Hindu education system disintegrated rapidly due to foreign intervention, other systems had taken over to educate the common Hindu student. The Hindu education system had its syllabus designed to ground the student in Dharma. But the foreign-imposed and foreign-borrowed education systems were and are totally alien and inimical to the native ecosystems. The result has been a complete disaster and the native religions, culture, languages and knowledge systems have become uprooted.
The movement of the education system from being Hindu-Dharma-centric to being Anti-Hindu/Secular is documented here by showcasing the educational content that students were exposed through the ages. The Need for Kailaasa and HDH Swami Nithyananda Paramashivam's efforts to revive the Gurukul ecosystem are to be seen in this light.
Curriculum in Vedic era
<Add content here> <Add references from Vedas, Aranyakas, Brahmanas, Upanishads, Agamas, etc>
Curriculum in Puranic/Ithihasic era
<Add content here> <Add references from Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhagavatam, All Puranas, etc>
Curriculum in the era of Mahajanapadas
<Add content here> <Add references from Maurya, Gupta, Vardhana, Solanki, Kushana, Chera, Chola, Pandya, Pallava, Pala, Pratihara, Rajputana, Paramara, Ahom, Vijayanagaram, Maratha, Sikh, etc dynasties>
Curriculum in the era of colonial rule (Islamic and British)
Gandhian Dharampal had painstakingly collected information on the education system that was prevalent in the pre-British era. He used the educational surveys conducted by British Governors in various presidencies of India, to portray an approximate picture. He quoted British sources in his book "The Beautiful Tree" to showcase the following:
- Varna-wise or Gender-wise aggregated data of teachers and students
- Homeschooling vs formal schooling
- Day schools vs Boarding schools
- Regional variance in educational content
- Teaching and training in the scores of vocational studies, technologies, and crafts
- Teaching and Training in Arts (Music, Dance -largely taken care by temples)
- Functional details of schools
- Student teacher relationship
1822-25 Madras Presidency data - Sir Thomas Munro
Subjects taught in general in Madras Presidency areas
Area | Subjects |
---|---|
Telugu areas | Vedas, Sastras, Law, Astronomy, Ganita Shastram, Ethics |
Malabar area | Theology, Law, Astronomy, Metaphysics, Ethics, Medical Science |
Madras-area | Astronomy, Astrology |
Madurai-area | Vedas, Puranas |
Masulipatnam | Vedas, Shastras, Law, Astronomy, Theology |
Guntoor | Theology, Laws and Astronomy |
Varanasi, Navadweepam | Deeper Theological studies (Outside Madras Presidency) |
Books used in the schools of Bellary district
Foreign term | Native Name | Author |
---|---|---|
Ramayanum | Ramayana | Valmiki |
Maha Bharata | Mahabharata | Vyasa |
Bhagvata | Srimad Bhagavatam | Vyasa |
Foreign term | Native Name | Author |
---|---|---|
Nagalingayna-Kutha | ? | ? |
Vishvakurma-Poorana | Vishwa-Kurma Purana | ? |
Kumalesherra Kalikamahata | ? | ? |
Foreign term | Native Name | Author |
---|---|---|
Buwapoorana | ? | ? |
Raghavan-Kunkauya | ? | ? |
Geeruja Kullana | ? | ? |
Unbhavamoorta | ? | ? |
Chenna-Busavaswara-Poorana | ? | ? |
Gurilagooloo | ? | ? |
Foreign term | Native Name | Author |
---|---|---|
Punchatantra | ? | ? |
Bhatalapunchavunsatee | ? | ? |
Punklee-soopooktahuller | ? | ? |
Mahantarungenee | ? | ? |
Foreign term | Native Name | Author |
---|---|---|
Nighantoo | Nighantam | ? |
Umara | ? | ? |
Subdamumburee | ? | ? |
Shubdeemunee-Durpana | ? | ? |
Vyacurna | Vyakharana | ? |
Andradeepeca | Andhra Deepika | ? |
Andranamasungraha | Andhra Nama Sanghraha | ? |
Books used in the schools of Rajamundhiry
Foreign term | Native Name | Author |
---|---|---|
Baula Ramauyanum | Bala Ramayanam | ? |
Rookmeny Culleyanum | Rukmini Kalyanam | ? |
Paurejantahpatraranum | ? | ? |
Molly Ramauyanum | ? | ? |
Raumayanum | Ramayanam | Valmiki |
Dansarady Satacum | ? | ? |
Kreestna Satacum | Krishna Shatakam | ? |
Soomaty Satacum | Sumathi Shatakam | ? |
Janakey Satacum | Janaki Shatakam | ? |
Prasunnaragara Satacum | ? | ? |
Ramataraka Satacum | Rama Taraka Shatakam | ? |
Bahscara Satacum | Bhaskara Shatakam | ? |
Beesanavecausa Satacum | ? | ? |
Beemalingaswara Satacum | BhimaLingeshwara Shatakam | ? |
Sooreyanaraina Satacum | SuryaNarayana Shatakam | ? |
Narraina Satacum | Narayana Shatakam | ? |
Plaholanda Charatra | Prahalada Charithra | ? |
Vasoo Charatra | Vasu Charithra | ? |
Manoo Charetra | Manu Charithra | ? |
Sumunga Charetra | ? | ? |
Nala Charetra | Nala Charithra | ? |
Vamana Charetra | Vamana Charithra | ? |
Ganintum | Ganitham | ? |
Pauvooloory Ganintum | Pavuluri Ganitham | ? |
Bhauratam | Bharatham | ? |
Bhaugavatum | Bhagavatham | ? |
Vejia Valousum | ? | ? |
Kroostnaleelan Velausum | ? | ? |
Rathamathava Velausum | ? | ? |
Suptama Skundum | Sapta Ma Skhandam | ? |
Astma Skundum | Ashta Ma Skhandam | ? |
Rathamathava Sumvadum | Ratha Madhava Samvaadam | ? |
Bhaunoomaly Paranayem | Bhanumathi Parayanam | ? |
Veerabhadra Vejayem | Veerabhadra Vijayam | ? |
Leelansoondary Paranayem | LeelaSundari Parayanam | ? |
Amarum | Amaram | ? |
Sooranthanaswarum | ? | ? |
Voodeyagapurvem | ? | ? |
Audepurvem | ? | ? |
Gajandra Motchum | Gajendra Moksham | ? |
Andhranamasungraham | Andhra Nama Sanghraham | ? |
Coochalopurksyanum | ? | ? |
Resekajana Manobharanum | RasikaJana ManoBharanam | ? |
Books used in colleges of Rajamundhiry
Vedas | ||
---|---|---|
Foreign term | Native Name | Author |
Roogvadum | Rig Veda | ? |
Yajoorvadum | Yajur Veda | ? |
Samavadum | Sama Veda | ? |
Sroudum | Srotram | ? |
Dravedavedum or Nunlauyanum | Dravida Vedam/? | ? |
Kavyas | ||
Foreign term | Native Name | Author |
Ragoovumsam | Raghuvamsam | ? |
Coomarasumbhavem | Kumara-Sambhavam | ? |
Moghasundasem | Moha-sandesham | ? |
Bharavy | ? | ? |
Maukhum | Moham? | ? |
Nayeshadum | Naishadam ? | ? |
Andasastrum | Anda Shastram ? | ? |
Shastras | ||
Foreign term | Native Name | Author |
Sanskrit Part-1: Sidharuba/Sarasvada (Sanskrit Speaking) | ? | ? |
Sanskrit Part-2: Vyakharana (Sanskrit Syntax) | ? | ? |
Sanskrit Part-3: AmaraSimha (Sanskrit Dictionary) | ? | ? |
Siddhanda Cowmoody | Siddhanta Khaumudi | ? |
Turkum | Tarkam | ? |
Jeyoteshem | Jyotisha | ? |
Durmasastrum | Dharmasastra | ? |
Cauveyems | Kavya | ? |
1776-89 - Malabar data - Paulinus of St. Bartholomew
Paulinus was an Austrian Carmelite missionary who visited India in late 18th century and published the first translation of Sanskrit Grammar in Europe. In his account, he noted that, atmost respect for teacher, worship of Shiva in Linga form, worship of Ganesha, Saraswathi were common in places of learning.
He also noted the religiosity of Hindus thus:
"...for among 2000 Indians you will scarcely find one who is not convinced of the necessity of supplicating the gods. Education, and the nature of the climate, are the strongest incitements to the natives to worship the deity, and to submit themselves to his will".
He recorded that Brahmacharis at Thrissur temple observed strictest silence (Mauna) for a prescribed number of years (5 years). He also declared that Pythagoras borrowed this idea and subjected his students to identical years of silence.
Foreign term | Native Name | Author |
---|---|---|
Poetry, Gavya | Kavya | ? |
Fencing, Payatta | (Kalari) Payattu | ? |
Botany and medicine,
Vaydyassastra, or Bheszagiashastra |
VaidyaShastra and ? | ? |
Navigation, Naushastra | Naushastra | ? |
Hastiludium, Cundera | ? | ? |
Ball play, Pandacali | ? | ? |
Chess, Ciudarangam | Chaturangam | ? |
Tennis, Coladi | ? | ? |
Logic, Tarkashastra | TarkaShastra | ? |
Astrology, Giodisha | Jyotisha | ? |
Law, Svadhyaya | Svadhyaya | ? |
Silence, Mauna | Mauna | ? |
1835-38 - Bengal Presidency data - William Adam
Bengal presents an interesting facet of Hindu education that schools did not have numerical grades like 1st Grade, 2nd Grade etc. Another interesting point to note is that since Bengal was under British rule for a much longer time than rest of India, it had already introduced courses to write letters/petitions etc in late elementary classes, which are not found in the records of British from other areas.
The duration of elementary education was flexible overall and it was divided into 4 stages:
Stage | Duration | Details |
---|---|---|
Stage 1 | 10 days | Akshara abhyasam (writing in ground with fingers or bamboo stick) |
Stage 2 | 2.5 to 4 years | Writing (Palm leaves), Reading, Memorizing the Cowrie Table, the Numeration Table as far as 100, the Katha Table (a land measure Table), and the SerTable etc |
Stage 3 | 2 to 3 years | Writing (Plantain leaves), Addition, Subtraction, Arithmetic rules |
Stage 5 | Up to 2 years | Writing (Paper), Ramayana, Mansa Mangal etc, Writing of letters and petitions |
Courses offered in Institutions of Sanskritic learning
Courses |
---|
Grammar |
Logic |
Law |
Literature |
Mythology |
Astrology |
Lexicology |
Rhetoric |
Medicine |
Vedanta |
Tantra |
Mimamsa |
Sankhya |
1882 - Punjab Presidency data - G.W.Leitner
Punjab was the last of the native janapadas to accede to the British Raj. It is probable that due to this prolonged independence, Hindu educational content was well-documented in Punjab.
Basic | |
---|---|
Book | Author |
Balabodha | ? |
Akshara Deepika | ? |
I. Grammar | |
Book | Author |
Saraswat | ? |
Manorama | ? |
Chandrika | ? |
Bhashya | ? |
Laghu | ? |
Paniniya Vyakharana | ? |
Kaumudi | ? |
Siddhanta Kaumudi | ? |
Shekar | ? |
Prakrita Prakasa | ? |
II. Lexicology | |
Book | Author |
Amara Kosha | ? |
Malini Kosha | ? |
Halayudha | ? |
III. Poetry, Drama and Religious History | |
Book | Author |
RaghuVamsa | ? |
Mahabharata | ? |
MeghDhoota | ? |
Venisanhara | ? |
Magh | ? |
Sakuntala | ? |
Kirat Arjun | ? |
Naishadha Charita | ? |
Ramayana | ? |
Mrichhakatika | ? |
Srimad Bhagavad | ? |
Kumara Sambhava and other Puranas | ? |
IV. Rhetoric | |
Book | Author |
Kavya Deepika | ? |
Kavya Prakasha | ? |
Sahitya Darpana | ? |
Dasu Rupa | ? |
Kuvlayanand | ? |
V. Mathematics, Astronomy and Astrology | |
Book | Author |
Siddhanta Shiromani | ? |
Nil Kanthi | ? |
Mahurta Chintamani | ? |
Brihat Jatak | ? |
Shighra Bodh | ? |
Parasariya | ? |
Garbh Lagana | ? |
VI. Medical Science | |
Book | Author |
Sham Raj | ? |
Nighant | ? |
Susruta | ? |
Sharang Dhar | ? |
Charaka | ? |
Bhashya Parichehed | ? |
Madhava Nidan | ? |
Vagbhat | ? |
VII. Logic | |
Book | Author |
Nyaya Sutra Vritti | ? |
Gada dhari | ? |
Vyutpattivad | ? |
Tarkalankar | ? |
Tark Sangrah | ? |
Kari kavali | ? |
VIII. Vedanta | |
Book | Author |
Atma Bodh Sarirak | ? |
Panch Dashi | ? |
IX. Law | |
Book | Author |
Manu Smriti | ? |
Parasara Smriti | ? |
Yagya Valk Gautama | ? |
Mitakshara | ? |
X. Philosophy | |
Book | Author |
Sankhya Tatwa Kaumudi | ? |
Patanjali Sutra | ? |
Britti Sutra with Bhashya | ? |
Sankhya Pravachan Bhashya | ? |
Vedanta, Vedantsar (see Yoga Sutra also above) | ? |
Vaiseshika Siddhant | ? |
Mimansa Sutra with Bhashya | ? |
Muktavali Sutra with a commentary | ? |
Artha Sangraha | ? |
XI. Prosody | |
Book | Author |
Srut Bodh | ? |
Vritta Ratnakar | ? |
XII. Prose Literature | |
Book | Author |
Hitopadesa | ? |
Vasavadatta | ? |
Dasa Kumara Charita | ? |
XIII. Religion | |
Book | Author |
Rigveda Sanhita (rare) | ? |
Samaveda, Mantra Bhaga | ? |
Yajurveda, Shukla Yajur | ? |
Chhandasya Archika (very rare) | ? |
Vajasneyi Sanhita | ? |
Curriculum in the post-Independence era
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Curriculum in the Modern era
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Curriculum in the Nithyananda Gurukul
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References
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External Links
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